Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Hemorrhage: JACC Focus Seminar

Stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability. Therefore, primary prevention of first stroke and secondary prevention of recurrent stroke are a high priority. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke includes lifestyle modification and diet, treatment of risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders, antiplatelet therapy for high vascular risk patients, and anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke includes additional carotid surgery or stenting in selected symptomatic patients, closure of patent foramen ovale after cryptogenic stroke, treatment of insulin resistance, and best medical treatment of intracranial stenosis. The most important preventive strategies in the primary and secondary prevention of cerebral hemorrhage include the treatment of hypertension, reduction in alcohol intake, and occlusion of the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation and permanent contraindications for oral anticoagulation.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂出血术后血清HIF-1α、miR-210表达与脑血管痉挛的关系

目的检测颅内动脉瘤破裂出血术后血清缺氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）、miR-210表达情况，并探讨其与脑血管痉挛（CVS）的关系。 方法选取禹城市人民医院神经外科自2015年1月至2018年12月收治的87例颅内动脉瘤破裂急诊自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）并接受介入栓塞或开颅夹闭治疗的患者为研究对象，采用头颅X线、CT及全脑数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查判断CVS的发生情况，并评估其严重程度。术后3、7 d采用ELISA法检测血清HIF-1α表达情况，采用qRT-PCR法检测血清miR-210表达情况。分析颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者术后血清HIF-1α、miR-210表达的关系，采用ROC曲线分析颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者术后3 d血清HIF-1α、miR-210水平对CVS的诊断价值。 结果87例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者出现术后CVS者37例（42.53%），其中轻度CVS 10例（11.49%），中度19例（21.84%），重度8例（90.20%）；术后3、7 d，与无CVS组患者相比，不同程度CVS患者血清中的HIF-1α、miR-210水平均显著升高（P<0.05），且CVS程度越重，血清HIF-1α、miR-210表达水平越高，不同程度CVS患者术后3、7 d时血清HIF-1α、miR-210水平均显著高于术前（P<0.05），术后7 d时血清HIF-1α、miR-210水平均显著低于术后3 d，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；颅内动脉瘤破裂出血术后3、7 d患者血清HIF-1α水平与miR-210水平均呈正相关（r=0.381、0.631，P<0.05）；术后3 d血清HIF-1α、miR-210水平及HIF-1α+miR-210联合诊断颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者CVS的曲线下面积分别为0.834、0.769、0.900，二者联合诊断CVS的敏感度为93.06%，准确度为87.36%，均高于单项指标检测。 结论颅内动脉瘤破裂出血术后血清HIF-1α、miR-210水平可有效预示CVS的发生，二者可能成为CVS发生、发展的重要生物学指标。     

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of postpartum acute kidney injury

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics and prognoses of patients with postpartum acute kidney injury (PPAKI).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentations, laboratory examinations, treatments, and outcomes of patients with PPAKI admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to December 2017. We then analyzed the clinical characteristics and prognoses of the mothers and their infants.ResultsOf 37 patients diagnosed with PPAKI, 26 (70.3%) received treatment in the intensive care unit, mainly for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome (28/37, 75.7%), pre-eclampsia (26/37, 70.3%), and postpartum hemorrhage (22/37, 59.5%). Twenty patients required renal replacement treatment (RRT), but renal recovery times were similar in the RRT and non-RRT groups. Renal function recovered completely in 30 patients (81.1%) and partially in one patient (2.7%), and was not re-examined in two patients (5.4%). Three patients (8.1%) were lost to follow-up. Only one patient (2.7%) remained dialysis-dependent, and no maternal deaths occurred. The preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant survival rates were 70.7% (29/41), 68.3% (28/41), and 78.0% (32/41), respectively.ConclusionRRT does not reduce renal recovery time compared with non-RRT. Overall, the prognoses of both mothers and their fetuses are good following treatment for PPAKI.